Moroccan Jews
Moroccan Jews, יהדות מרוקו , يهود مغاربة
|
Shlomo Ben-Ami • Amir Peretz • David Levy
Meir Sheetrit • Gad Elmaleh • Edmond Amran El Maleh
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| Total population |
| 578,400 |
| Regions with significant populations |
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| Languages |
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Hebrew, Judeo-Moroccan, Moroccan Arabic, Judeo-Berber, Haketia, French, English, Spanish.
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| Religion |
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Judaism
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| Related ethnic groups |
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Jews, Sephardi Jews Mizrahi Jews Ashkenazi Jews
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Moroccan Jews are Jews who live or lived in the area of North Africa now known as Morocco. Jews first migrated to this area after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, and a second wave migrated from the Iberian peninsula in the period immediately preceding and following the 1492 Alhambra Decree, when the Jews were expelled from kingdoms of Spain and Portugal.
At its peak in the 1940s, Morocco's Jewish population exceeded 250,000. Today, approximately 6,000 Jews remain. Moroccan Jews and their descendants can now be found primarily in Israel, France, Canada, Spain, and Venezuela.
History
Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community, immigrating to the region as early as 70 CE. Until the 1950s the majority of Morocco's Jews were still living in Morocco. In accordance with the norms of Islamic legal system, Jewish Moroccans had separate legal courts pertaining to "personal law" under which communities (Muslim sharia, Christian Canon law and Jewish halakha law abiding) were allowed to rule themselves under their own system. After Israel's independence in 1948, and due to domestic strife in the 1950s, the next several decades saw waves of Jewish emigration to Israel, France and Canada.
As a protectorate of France, parts of Morocco were heavily influenced by French culture, while the same is true of the portions of the country that belonged to Spain. Traditionally, the Jews were classified as being French-Moroccan or Spanish-Moroccan depending on where in Morocco they lived, and remnants of these classifications can be felt today. These differences are reflected in language, foods, last names and even liturgy.
Communities Today
- Morocco: In 2003 It was estimated that 5,000 Jews still lived in Morocco, mainly in Casablanca.[10] Other towns are said to have smaller, aging populations.
- Israel: The 1950s saw large waves of Jewish emigration from Morocco to Israel. Many Moroccan Jews were transferred to peripheral development towns while others settled in larger, established cities. Today, Jews of Moroccan descent can be found all across Israel.
- Canada: In the 1950s Canada began extending visas to Jews from Morocco. Large communities developed in Montreal and Toronto. Moroccans were attracted to Canada because of its high quality of life and to Montreal in particular because of the French language. Toronto is known for its significant Spanish-Moroccan population originating from cities such as Tangiers and Tetouan. In recent past, however, an emergence of French-Moroccan musical liturgy and customs has been noticed even in this dominant-Spanish Moroccan city. For example, the traditional Moroccan Bakashot, classical music sung by Sephardic Jews in the winter months across countries in the Middle East on Friday night, has come to life in recent productions by Magen David Congregation and Abir Ya'akob Congregation.
- Venezuela: Concentrated mainly in Caracas.
Culture
Moroccan Jewry has developed as a hybrid of the many cultures that have shaped Morocco itself, namely Jewish, Arab, Berber, French and Spanish.
Henna
Traditional Henna parties usually take place within the week before a special occasion, such as a wedding, Bar and Bat Mitzvah, or baby showers. During pre-wedding Henna parties, the oldest member of the family (often the grandmother) smudges henna in the palm of the bride and groom to symbolically bestow the new couple with good health, fertility, wisdom, and security. The henna is believed in Moroccan tradition to protect the couple from demons. The grandmother covers the henna, a dough-like paste produced by mixing crushed henna plant leaves with water, in order to lock in body heat and generate a richer color. Normally, the henna will dye skin orange for up to 2 weeks. In Moroccan folklore, the bride is exempt of her household duties until the henna completely fades. After the bride and groom are blessed with the henna, the guests also spread henna on their palms to bring good luck.
Clothing
Although most Moroccan Jews tend to dress in styles of their adopted countries, traditional Moroccan clothing is sometimes worn during celebrations (Mimouna, weddings, Bar Miṣvas, etc.) or even during more intimate gatherings, such as Shabbat dinner. Men usually wear a white jellaba (jellabiya) cloak while women wear more ornate kaftans.
Mimouna
Mimouna is celebrated by many Moroccan Jews on the night following the last day of Passover. It has spread to be an almost national holiday in Israel.
Religious Observance
Moroccan Jews are a historically religious people. Many Rabanim have passed through and sojourned in Morocco leaving behind their great influence. In 2008, a project to preserve Moroccan Torah and the words of its Ḥakhamim was initiated. DarkeAbotenou.com was created by a few members of the Toronto Sephardic Community; devoting their time and effort to increasing global awareness of the customs and laws that Jews of Morocco live with everyday. Daily emails are sent in both English and French containing the customs, laws, and traditional liturgy of both the French and Spanish parts of Morocco. This daily publication is currently broadcasted in both English and French.[11]
Liturgy
The observer of a typical Moroccan Jewish prayer service will note the presence of Oriental motifs in the melodies. However, unlike the tunes of Eastern rites (Syrian, Iraqi, etc.), which were influenced by Middle Eastern sounds, Moroccan Jewish religious tunes have a uniquely Andalusian feel. Furthermore, just as Eastern liturgical melodies are organized into Maqams, Moroccan liturgy can be classified by Noubas. The Moroccan prayer rite itself is also unique among Sephardic customs. The Moroccan nusach has many unique components but has also incorporated numerous Ashkenazic customs due to the country's proximity and exposure to Europe. Some customs of the Moroccan nusach include:
- Two blessing for Hallel: One blessing (ligmor et ha'Hallel) is said when the full Hallel is recited, while the other blessing (likro et ha'Hallel) is said when the abridged Hallel is recited. Other Sephardim omit the latter.
- Yiru Enenu: The blessing commencing with the words Yiru Enenu (translation: Our eyes shall see) is recited after Hashkivenu in the Arvit service after the Sabbath. Many Ashkenazim say this passage on every weekday night after Hashkivenu. This custom is discussed in Tosafot of Tractate Berakhot 4a.
- Pesukei Dezimra: The opening verse of Psalm 30 ("Mizmor Shir Ḥanukat Habayit LeDavid") is added to the remainder of the Psalm during Shaḥarit of Hanuka. Other Sepharadim begin with "Aromimkha" even on Ḥanuka.
- Shir HaShirim: This is usually read between Mincha and Kabbalat Shabbat on the Sabbath eve. Other Sephardic groups tend to read it before Minḥa. Moroccan Jews chant Shir HaShirim with a unique cantillation. A common practice is for a different congregant to sing each chapter.
- Before the repetition of the Amidah in Shaḥarit and Musaf of Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, the hymn "Hashem sham'ati shim'akha yareti" (Translation: Hashem, I have heard your speech and was afraid) is sung. The origin of this verse is Habakkuk 3:2.
Religious customs
- Many Moroccan synagogues read from an Ashkenazi-style Torah scroll, rather than the stand-up Torah scroll used by other Sepharadim.
- Psalm 29 and Lekha Dodi are recited sitting down in the Kabbalat Shabbat service.
- Packets of salt are distributed to congregants on the second night of Passover, marking the first counting of the 'Omer. The significance of salt includes the commemoration of the sacrifices in the Temple and other Kabbalistic reasons.[12]
- Pirke Avot is read during the Musaf service of Shabbat between Passover and Shavuot. As well, the custom is for pre-Bar Miṣva boys to read each chapter, and this is usually performed with a special tune.
- After reciting the hamotzie blessing over bread, there is a custom to dip the bread into salt while reciting "Hashem melekh, Hashem malakh, Hashem yimlokh le'olam va'ed" (Translation: God reigns; God has reigned; God will reign for ever and ever). This "verse" is actually a compilation of 3 verses taken from Psalms and Exodus. The validity of this custom has been disputed among Moroccan Poskim since it may constitute an interruption of a blessing.
- Before the Magid section of the Passover Seder, the Seder plate is raised and passed over the heads of those present while reciting "Bibhilu yaṣanu mi–miṣrayim, halaḥma 'anya bené ḥorin" (Translation: In haste we went out of Egypt [with our] bread of affliction, [now we are] free people). It can be heard here.[13]
Notable Moroccan Jews
- Reuven Abergel, founder of Israeli Black Panthers
- Michel Abitbol, scholar
- Yaakov Abuhatzeira, 19th-century rabbi
- Yisrael Abuhatzeira (Baba Sali), 20th-century rabbi
- Shlomo Amar, Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
- Richard Anconina, actor
- Richard Attias, businessman
- Pierre Assouline, journalist.
- André Azoulay, senior adviser to Mohammed VI of Morocco
- Elena Benarroch, Fashion designer
- Amram ben Diwan, 18th-century rabbi
- Daniel Benlulu, politician
- Simone Bitton, filmmaker
- Michele Bohbot, fashion designer and retailer
- Ralph de Toledano, politician
- Aryeh Deri , Israeli politician
- Alber Elbaz, fashion designer
- André Elbaz, painter and filmmaker
- Edmond Amran El Maleh, writer
- Gad Elmaleh, comedian
- Arthur Essebag, television presenter
- Samuel Hadida, film producer
- Maguy Kakon, author and politician
- Oshik Levy, Israeli singer
- Paul Marciano, fashion designer
- Ya'akov Margi , politician
- Ze'ev Revach, Israeli actor
- Abraham Serfaty, politician
- Avi Toledano , Israeli singer
- Haim Zafrani, scholar and writer
References
External links